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Volcanoes, by virtue of their geology and typography, display evocative landscapes and are home to diverse ecosystems, many of which are delicate and unique. Image prepared by Jose F Vigil and Robert I.

(2006( showing different types of plate boundaries. Schematic cross-section of plate tectonics from Simkin et al.

Helens, are erupting, while several others, including Mauna Loa, Fourpeaked, Korovin, Veniaminof, and Anatahan, exhibit one or more signs of restlessness, such as anomalous earthquakes, deformation of the volcano’s surface, or changes in volume and composition of volcanic gas emissions, that could foretell the onset of another eruption.įigure 2. As of spring 2007, two of these volcanoes, Kīlauea and Mount St. Of the more than 1,500 volcanoes worldwide believed to have been active in the past 10,000 years, 169 are in the United States and its territories (Ewert et al., 2005) (see Fig. 2) but can also grow in the middle of a plate, like the Hawaiian volcanoes (Fig. Volcanoes tend to form where plates collide or spread apart (Fig. These rigid plates, with average thickness of ~80 km, are separating, sliding past each other, or colliding on top of the Earth’s hot, viscous interior. The Earth’s surface is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates and a number of smaller ones that move relative to one another at <1 cm to ~10 cm/yr (about the speed at which fingernails grow). The concept of plate tectonics explains the locations of volcanoes and their relationship to other large-scale geologic features.

More than half of the world’s active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacifi c Ocean (see Fig. Most are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea where they form long mountain ranges. Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the Earth’s surface. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, Alaska, USA Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Hawai‘i, USA Geological Survey, 345 Middlefi eld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, Washington, D.C., USA Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Vancouver, Washington 98683, USA

Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia 20192, USAĪlaska Volcano Observatory, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA

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